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Smuggler Nation: How Illicit Trade Made America, by Peter Andreas
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America is a smuggler nation. Our long history of illicit imports has ranged from West Indies molasses and Dutch gunpowder in the 18th century, to British industrial technologies and African slaves in the 19th century, to French condoms and Canadian booze in the early 20th century, to Mexican workers and Colombian cocaine in the modern era. Contraband capitalism, it turns out, has been an integral part of American capitalism.
Providing a sweeping narrative history from colonial times to the present, Smuggler Nation is the first book to retell the story of America--and of its engagement with its neighbors and the rest of the world--as a series of highly contentious battles over clandestine commerce. As Peter Andreas demonstrates in this provocative and fascinating account, smuggling has played a pivotal and too often overlooked role in America's birth, westward expansion, and economic development, while anti-smuggling campaigns have dramatically enhanced the federal government's policing powers. The great irony, Andreas tells us, is that a country that was born and grew up through smuggling is today the world's leading anti-smuggling crusader.
In tracing America's long and often tortuous relationship with the murky underworld of smuggling, Andreas provides a much-needed antidote to today's hyperbolic depictions of out-of-control borders and growing global crime threats. Urgent calls by politicians and pundits to regain control of the nation's borders suffer from a severe case of historical amnesia, nostalgically implying that they were ever actually under control. This is pure mythology, says Andreas. For better and for worse, America's borders have always been highly porous.
Far from being a new and unprecedented danger to America, the illicit underside of globalization is actually an old American tradition. As Andreas shows, it goes back not just decades but centuries. And its impact has been decidedly double-edged, not only subverting U.S. laws but also helping to fuel America's evolution from a remote British colony to the world's pre-eminent superpower.
- Sales Rank: #162204 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-01-16
- Released on: 2013-01-16
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
"[A] readable synthetic study of smuggling and attempts to police it... Moving swiftly through more than three centuries, the narrative resembles its more proficient subjects, cutting across subfield borders to reveal Americans' historical entanglements with illicit trade." --Journal of American History
"In Smuggler Nation, Peter Andreas recounts the well-worn story of American independence less as a lofty quest for freedom per se than as a struggle for freedom from onerous trade restrictions. He points out that many of the important freedoms protected by the Constitution, though they owed their intellectual pedigree to Locke and Montesquieu, had their origin in the travails of colonial smugglers trying to get molasses or gunpowder or Madeira past British customs agents." --Eric Felten, The Wall Street Journal
"Deftly explains how the battle lines of the American War of Independence were drawn largely because of people's varied and often self-serving relationships to smuggling... Smuggling is here to stay, and how we cope with this most American of practices will define our destiny in the years to come." --Cam Martin, The Daily Beast
"In this captivating new history, Brown University political science professor Andreas documents smuggling in America from the colonial 'golden age of illicit trade' through the Industrial Revolution and on into the current 'war on drugs'... Throughout the riveting text, Andreas also discusses the sociopolitical climates that gave rise to these storms of illicit commerce. Far from romanticizing or condoning illegal trade, Andreas convincingly argues that the flow of illicit goods has defined and shaped the nation, both in terms of who and what goes in and out, and how society reacts with regulatory policies. A valuable and entertaining read for historians and policymakers." --Publishers Weekly
"In this well-researched history, the author examines illegal commerce in the United States from its earliest days into the modern era... An illuminating look at the historical impact of America's illicit economy." --Kirkus Reviews
"In this terrific book, Peter Andreas shows that illicit trade is as American as apple pie."
--Darrell West, Vice President and Director of Governance Studies, The Brookings Institution
"Smuggler Nation is a tour de force. Porous borders and the efforts to seal them are not new to the 21st century--Andreas convincingly shows they have defined the American experience." --James Goldgeier, Dean, School of International Service, American University
"Through his extensive historical research, Andreas shows us that illicit trade in America is not an aberration but has in fact shaped the modern economy in fundamental ways. An extraordinary re-narrating of familiar episodes that makes visible America's hidden connections with underworlds and parallel worlds." --Saskia Sassen, author of Territory, Authority, Rights
"Americans have long projected national power through open, free, and legal markets. Andreas, one of the world's leading scholars of the dark side of globalization, presents us with a fascinating account of the role of illicit trade in the making of the American nation itself. This iconoclastic and timely book is an engaging and accessible primer for anyone seeking to understand the illicit dimensions of the global economy." --Louis W. Pauly, Professor and Chair, Political Science, University of Toronto
"An extraordinary retelling of the American epic. Peter Andreas shows us how smuggling shaped politics, economics and culture from colonial times to the present day. Meticulously researched and elegantly written, Smuggler Nation is an important contribution to the literature on American political development. Fascinating, powerful, persuasive, unexpected, lively, deep, and highly recommended." --James A. Morone, author of Hellfire Nation and coauthor of The Heart of Power
About the Author
Peter Andreas is John Hay Professor of International Studies at Brown University. He is the author of Blue Helmets and Black Markets: The Business of Survival in the Siege of Sarajevo and Border Games and coeditor of Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts, all from Cornell. He is also the author of Smuggler Nation and coauthor of Policing the Globe and Drug War Politics.
Kevin Stillwell is an actor who has voiced a number of audiobooks including" Careless Love, Last Train to Memphis, The First Assassin, The Millionaire Affair", and others.
Most helpful customer reviews
38 of 42 people found the following review helpful.
Talk about Roots!
By David Wineberg
Smuggler Nation rocks. It tells the unvarnished story behind the official and the legendary. It answers age-old questions about motives and assumptions. It speaks truth to power. And the truth is ugly.
The United States was born a smuggling nation. John Hancock, whose florid signature sits top and center on the Declaration of Independence, was one of the biggest smugglers of his era. His concern was not taxation without representation; he was fed up with British attempts to crack down on smuggling. As were many, many others. The Stamp Act wasn't the last straw; writs of assistance permitting Customs inspections was the last straw.
All through the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Civil War, Americans traded freely with both sides. They fed the British army in Canada in 1812 and armed the South in the Civil War. It was all just business as usual in a country renown for its piracy and theft. The US government encouraged theft and smuggling of machinery, which enabled New England to build a
worldbeating cloth manufacturing industry, all without paying licensing, royalties or even import fees. British workers were smuggled out of the country to man it all - tens of thousands of them. Foreigners were not allowed to own patents, thus permitting Americans to use the law to ensure lawbreaking.
Andreas traces an entire smuggling circuit from the Caribbean, where Americans picked up molasses to smuggle to their rum refineries, smuggling the rum into Europe, then down to Africa to pick up more slaves for the cane plantations in the Caribbean.
This was the mainstay of the US economy until the revolution. The US did not become the biggest slave importer for itself until after it was outlawed in the early 1800s. If it could be smuggled, it became attractive.
The US was known as the foremost haven for international copyright piracy in the world throughout the 19th century. Why smuggle in a container of books, when you could bring one home and reprint it yourself? Even Dickens complained about the theft, and it wasn't until an American, Mark Twain, protested, that the US became a born-again copyright evangelist. And of course it has since swung to other extreme, extending copyright (The Mickey Mouse Act) for 93 years and policing the planet in search of infringers.
The USA looked very much like what it charges China with today, and this hypocrisy is typical of the cycle at all levels. The grand "old money" of the US - of the Hancocks and the Astors and the like - came from smuggling. They traded with the enemy and they smuggled alcohol to the Indians, and no law was too serious to even give them pause. They had the support of presidents and cabinet secretaries who participated themselves and encouraged it. The sainted Daniel Webster said in their defense: "It is not the practice of nations to undertake to prohibit their own subjects from trafficking in articles contraband of war." Go for it!
Even Lincoln handed out permits to trade cotton with the South, keeping the war going longer. General William Butler somehow increased his net worth from $150,000 to $3 million during the Civil War, as "merchants" gathered round him wherever he went. Franklin Roosevelt's family fortune came from selling opium to the Chinese. Shipbuilders on Long Island built for both the coast guard and rum runners during Prohibition.
I think my favorite story is of the legendary Alamo hero, Jim Bowie. While famous for the Bowie Knife, he made his living smuggling, and he had a great scam. He bought slaves in Spanish-controlled Galveston, then surrendered them to the US Customs authorities. This got them into the USA cleanly, and he could buy them back from the government as simple seized contraband. He even got 50% off from the government. ($1 a pound in Galveston, 50 cents a pound in the USA) No muss, very little fuss. And because of honor among thieves, no one bid against you when you went to recover your cargo - or your ship itself.
So when you look at Somalia and its piracy, when you look at China and its copying, know there is excellent precedent in the country that spends billions every year to stamp it out. There is no wrath like the wrath of the reformed, and the USA spends fabulous amounts of taxpayer dollars to stamp out what its founders fought to preserve.
Smuggler Nation is a blockbuster of the first rank. It is breezily written, well referenced and terrifically organized. Most highly recommended.
10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Context, context, context
By Cecil Bothwell
Peter Andreas has provided a marvelous lens through which to view much of our modern political landscape. Once reminded of the deep influence of illicit trade on American (and global) development and relations through the past few centuries, it is very difficult to believe that current alarm over immigration, drugs and intellectual property is anything but tactical. One hundred years ago all of the nature-based drugs on the black market today were completely legal and virtually unregulated. American companies were busily cutting into the British-dominated Asian opium market. Bayer Pharmaceuticals invented the name "Heroin" for their over-the-counter opium-derivative (from a German word for "hero"). Two hundred years back we were urging craftsmen to break British law by illegally emigrating, and hopefully bringing along their machinery and tools. We formed alliances with pirates as it suited our military needs, were the major slave-trading nation long after we banned import of slaves to our own shores, banned alcohol for a short spell while bootleggers supplied Congressional and Presidential bars, and on and on and on. We whine about Chinese piracy of entertainment and software, but somehow forget that the U.S. Patent office started out by permitting inventions stolen in Europe to be claimed and subsequently defended by American thieves.
Today's demands to regain control of our border with Mexico become truly laughable when you confront the fact that the border has never been under anything like "control." And our century-old war on drugs is easy to understand as a beard for American expansionism and militarization of foreign relations on every continent, all while we are the major exporter of the most dangerous and arguably most addictive drug in common use: tobacco. (And, let it be noted, eagerly abetting tobacco smuggling, since our exports exceed documented global imports by a third or more--hmm, wonder where all them cigs ran off to?)
The concluding chapter of this book ought to be included in any high school history course. It is that good.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
A Good, Eye-Opening History
By B. McEwan
This is an interesting history of trade and its influence on the development of the United States. (I say 'United States' rather than the 'America' used in the book's title because the latter name carries with it a cloak of mythology that tends to obscure what actually took place in our nation's past.) In school, we study a lot about the political forces that shaped the country and much is made about the ways that immigrants came to "America" for freedom to do certain things, as well as the chance to be free from certain other things. Freedom to worship and freedom from class bias, for example.
However, not much is said about the freedom of commerce, although that was, and remains, one of the major attractions for people around the world to emigrate to the US. Now, of course, trade is quite regulated and trade laws are enforced, sometimes vigorously. Consider the vociferous allegations of multinational corporations that China steals intellectual property and many of its citizens are engaged in copyright infringement and patent violation -- a modern day type of piracy. Similarly, trade regulations existed during the US colonial period, but the limitations of technology made it more difficult to enforce them. Reading Peter Andreas's book makes one realize that commerce was perhaps the biggest driver of US growth, then and now, and that much of that commerce was illegal.
There's a saying that history is written by the victors and that certainly seems to apply in the case of US education. Official public school curricula praise the "patriots," for instance, who dumped tea into Boston Harbor, an event that went down in history as the famous Boston Tea Party. England had a different view, calling the patriots 'rebels' or just 'vandals,' since their activity was decidedly illegal and had a lot to do with not wanting to pay taxes rather than being full of the spirit of freedom.
Likewise for many other Americans, particularly those who lived along the coast at the outer reaches of the law. Profiteers abound and they have never been shy about breaking laws to supply embargoed goods to people who want them. Thus we have today's drug trade, and yesterday's bootleg liquor salesmen. In New York City right now someone is selling knock off handbags down on Canal Street and, appallingly, sex slaves out in the bowels of Queens. This history offers a lot of food for thought, and much of it will make readers uncomfortable.
Overall, the big take away for me is the modern-day hypocrisy exhibited by US corporations and government agencies who get all self-righteous about China when we did -- and still do -- many of the same things ourselves. The US economy is, quite simply, built on smuggling, not to mention the labor of Africans who were forced to join our 'nation of immigrants.' Of course I knew this, but Smuggler Nation throws our national hypocrisy into bas relief.
Recommended reading.
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